What is the best way to apply the brakes on an icy road surface without ABS?

Pumping the brakes lightly on an icy road surface without Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is the best approach for maintaining control of the vehicle. This method involves applying the brakes in a controlled, rhythmic manner which helps to prevent the wheels from locking up. If the wheels lock, the vehicle can slide uncontrollably, thus worsening the situation on slick surfaces.

By pumping the brakes lightly, a driver can reduce speed in a way that allows for better steering control and minimization of skidding. This technique is particularly important in icy conditions where traction is significantly reduced, making it vital to maintain as much control as possible during a stop.

Other approaches, such as applying brakes continuously, could lead to a loss of steering ability if the wheels lock up, while braking hard to stop quickly can also result in loss of control. Ignoring brake application altogether could pose serious safety risks, as the vehicle would continue to gain speed without any means to slow down.